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was closed to within

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  • Closed innovation — Before being open, innovation happened in closed environments often performed by individuals, scientists or employees. However, the expression closed innovation was coined later and not before the paradigm of open innovation became popular by… …   Wikipedia

  • Closed cinemas in Kingston upon Hull — The Tower British History Online has published a comprehensive listing of the first cinemas in Hull,[1] which were created by converting many existing buildings (as well as the purpose built cinemas listed in this article). The first purpose… …   Wikipedia

  • Closed adoption — (also called confidential adoption and sometimes secret adoption) is the process by where an infant is adopted by another family, and the record of the biological parent(s) is kept sealed. (Often, the biological father is not recorded even on the …   Wikipedia

  • closed communion —    Closed communion is the practice of limiting the Lord s Supper to members in good standing of the church. In denominations with an episcopal or presbyterial polity, communion may be limited to members of the denomination. In those with a… …   Encyclopedia of Protestantism

  • Closed-circuit television — CCTV redirects here. For other uses, see CCTV (disambiguation). For the Chinese television station, see China Central Television. Surveillance cameras on a corner. Closed circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal… …   Wikipedia

  • Closed captioning — Jack Foley created the CC in a TV symbol while senior graphic designer at WGBH. Closed captioning is the process of displaying text on a television, video screen or other visual display to provide additional or interpretive information to… …   Wikipedia

  • Closed system (control theory) — The terms closed system and open system have long been defined in the widely (and long before any sort of amplifier was invented) established subject of thermodynamics, in terms that have nothing to do with the concepts of feedback and… …   Wikipedia

  • Closed timelike curve — In mathematical physics, a closed timelike curve (CTC) is a worldline in a Lorentzian manifold, of a material particle in spacetime that is closed, returning to its starting point. This possibility was first raised by Kurt Gödel in 1949, who… …   Wikipedia

  • Closed system drug transfer device — A closed system drug transfer device is a drug transfer device that mechanically prohibits the transfer of environmental contaminants into a system and the escape of hazardous drug or vapor concentrations outside the system. Contents 1 History 2… …   Wikipedia

  • Closed-end fund — A closed end fund (or closed ended fund) is a collective investment scheme with a limited number of shares. It is called a closed end fund (CEF) because new shares are rarely issued once the fund has launched, and because shares are not normally… …   Wikipedia

  • Closed communion — Part of the series on Communion also known as The Eucharist , The Lord s Supper Divine Liturgy or Sacrament Theology Real Presence Transubstantiation Transignification Sacramental Union Memorialism Consubstantiation Impanation Consecrat …   Wikipedia

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